Resumen: La geoestadística puede ser utilizada como una herramienta para el manejo de plagas mediante el análisis de la distribución espacial de una plaga tanto a nivel local como regional. Por lo tanto, el control de plagas en un sitio específico se puede lograr en base a información espacio temporal. Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), la plaga de manzanas y peras más importante, requiere de varias aplicaciones de insecticidas para reducir los daños a niveles aceptables. El objetivo de esta investigación fue estudiar la variación temporal y espacial de la distribución y abundancia de C. pomonella en la principal área frutícola de Uruguay. Desde 2007 a 2009, se instalaron y georeferenciaron aproximadamente 120 trampas de feromonas por año en montes de manzanos y perales distribuidos en más de 50.000 ha. Las capturas de adultos machos se registraron semanalmente de octubre a marzo. Se realizó un análisis espacial de las capturas, obteniéndose semivariogramas para las capturas acumuladas analizadas por generación y por temporada. Los mapas se construyeron sobre la base de los modelos significativos obtenidos, donde el nivel de población de la plaga se estimó utilizando un kriging ordinario. El rango de correlación estimado fue de 1720 a 2690 m. Las zonas de mayores densidades poblacionales y algunas áreas con poblaciones comparativamente bajas fueron constantes durante el período de dos años de estudio.

Summary: Geostatistics can support pest management by analyzing the spatial distribution of a pest at a local or regional level. Therefore, specific site pest control can be performed based on accurate spatio-temporal information. Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), the most serious apple and pear pest, requires several insecticide applications to reduce injury to acceptable levels. The aim of this research was to study the temporal and spatial variation in distribution and abundance of C. pomonella in the main fruit-growing area of Uruguay. From 2007 to 2009, approximately 120 pheromone traps per year were installed in apple and pear orchards distributed over 50,000 ha, and georeferenced. Male adult captures were registered weekly from October to March. Spatial analysis of the captures was done, obtaining semivariograms for the accumulated captures analyzed by generation and by growing season. Maps were constructed based on significant models obtained, where the population level of the pest was estimated using ordinary kriging. The correlation range estimated was from 1720 to 2690 m. Hot spots of high population level and some areas with comparatively low populations were constant over the 2-year period.

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs based on the temporal variability of insect pests have been successfully implemented worldwide. These programs have been carried out by applying control strategies based on the existing knowledge about pest biology and population dynamics. However, systems based on temporal variability are insufficient to optimize plant protection and especially to reduce the environmental impact of area-wide control measures. This situation drove to the new concept of "site-specific IPM". Currently, there are tools to implement large-scale studies (at a zonal and a regional level), allowing to describe and analyze the spatial distribution of insect populations via the management and analysis of large data sets (GIS, GPS, and geostatistics). Geostatistics measures the spatial fluctuations of the variables under study based on rigorous sampling, afterwards adjusting a semivariogram, interpolating and building maps of iso-lines with different levels of population densities. This has allowed to simplify forecasting and monitoring systems, determining both the location and the optimum number of samples to be taken on sites showed by iso-lines. In order to decide where control measurements should be applied, maps with geographical coordinates showing the spatial location of spots with high population density are used (regardless of the control strategy applied). Furthermore, these methods can be used to identify areas where, considering their special characteristics, selective large-scale control tactics, as mating disruption or the release of natural enemies could be applied.

A nivel mundial se han implementado programas de Manejo Integrado de Plagas (MIP) exitosos, basados en la variabilidad temporal de insectos plaga. Esto se ha llevado a cabo aplicando estrategias de control basadas en el conocimiento de la biología de la plaga y de su dinámica poblacional. Los sistemas basados en la variabilidad temporal son limitados para optimizar la protección fitosanitaria y sobre todo para disminuir el impacto ambiental de las medidas de control en áreas extensas, lo cual ha dado sustento a un concepto nuevo "el MIP en el Sitio Específico". Actualmente existen herramientas disponibles para implementar estudios a gran escala (zonas o regiones), ya que permiten el manejo y análisis de grandes series de datos para describir y analizar la distribución espacial de las poblaciones de insectos (SIG, GPS y Geoestadística). La Geoestadística mide la variabilidad espacial de las variables en estudio a partir de muestreos rigurosos, para luego ajustar un semivariograma, interpolar y construir mapas de isolíneas con sus diferentes densidades poblacionales. Lo anterior ha permitido la simplificación de los sistemas de pronóstico, determinando tanto la localización como el número óptimo de muestras a tomar en los sitios que indican las isolíneas. Los mapas sirven para tomar decisiones de manejo en los cultivos, señalando la ubicación (según coordenadas geográficas) de focos de altas densidades poblacionales, de amplia utilidad independientemente de la medida de control a seleccionar. Pero además permiten identificar zonas, en las que por sus características particulares se pueden aplicar a gran escala tácticas de control, tan selectivas como la confusión sexual o la liberación de enemigos naturales.

In most cases, trigeminal neuralgia is due to compression of the trigeminal nerve in the zone of entrance at the pons by vascular structures. About 1% of cases, have trigeminal neuralgia associated with the presence of ipsilateral lesion of cerebellar-pontine angle. Rarely, trigeminal neuralgia may be due to contralateral posterior fossa tumors. We present a case of a 37-year- old patient who presented with right trigeminal neuralgia and harboured a left acoustic neuroma of significant dimension. Facial pain completely disappeared after tumor removal.

La gran mayoría de neuralgias del trigémino son atribuidas a la compresión por estructuras vasculares, de la zona de entrada del nervio a nivel de la protuberancia. En torno al 1% de los casos de neuralgia del trigémino están asociados a tumores del ángulo pontocerebeloso ipsilaterales. Las neuralgias del trigémino provocadas por tumores contralaterales de la fosa posterior son muy raras. Los autores presentan el caso clínico de un paciente de 37 años, con una neuralgia del trigémino derecha y un voluminoso neurinoma del acústico izquierdo. El dolor remitió completamente después de la escisión del tumor.

Ionizing radiations are genotoxic and might be carcinogenic if the radiation doses are above the values dictated by national and international standards. The genotoxic effects are studied by means of bioassays of micronuclei (MN) in cells of the patients' mucous mouths of the National Institute of Cancer in a city named Aregua, whom were exposed to ionizing radiations within their treatment scheme. The objective of the present work is to evaluate the genotoxic level at different modalities of exposure to the radio-therapeutic treatment and to relate them to the radiation doses. The analysis results displayed an ample variability in the count of MN, due to Physical and Biological factors, as the diverse radiation doses for the treatment of diverse tumors in different organs. In conclusion, it was observed that the most distant it is the zone of irradiation to the taking of the sample (the mouths' mucous) the least MN appearance. This means that the levels of MN can be used to estimate the radiation doses absorbed by the patient and as well as a biological indicator of good practice. Also, it has been identified a substantial difference between the frequency of micronucleus and the high percentage of apoptotic cells as on the eighth day of treatment, in few patients.

Las radiaciones ionizantes son genotóxicas y pueden ser cancerígenas si las dosis de radiación son superiores a los valores dictados por normas nacionales e internacionales. Los efectos genotóxicos son estudiados mediante bioensayos de Micronúcleos (MN) en células de la mucosa bucal de pacientes con cáncer del Instituto Nacional de Cáncer de Aregua, los cuales, dentro del esquema de tratamiento son expuestos a radiaciones ionizantes. El objetivo del presente trabajo es el de evaluar el nivel de genotoxicidad en diferentes modalidades de exposición al tratamiento radioterapéutico y relacionarlo con las dosis de radiación. Los resultados de los análisis presentaron una amplia variabilidad en el conteo de Micronúcleos, debido a factores Físicos y Biológicos, como las diversas dosis de radiación para el tratamiento de diversos tumores en diferentes órganos. Como conclusión se observa que cuanto mas lejana es la zona de irradiación a la toma de la muestra (la mucosa bucal) hay una disminución en la aparición de MN, este hecho puede llevar a la estimación de las dosis de radiación absorbida por el paciente y la determinación de niveles de formación de MN, como un indicador biológico de buena práctica. También se ha identificado una diferencia sustancial entre la frecuencia de micronúcleos y el alto porcentaje de células apoptoticas a partir del octavo día de tratamiento, en algunos pacientes.

Contextualização: Para que sejam realizadas atividades funcionais da vida diária é primordial a manutenção do equilíbrio estático, possibilitando posturas, movimentos e respostas adequadas. Objetivos: O presente trabalho teve como finalidade avaliar e comparar, através do teste de Romberg adaptado, as oscilações do equilíbrio estático de amputados protetizados de membros inferiores com indivíduos não amputados. Método: Foram avaliados 33 indivíduos do sexo masculino com idade média de 33,38 anos, divididos em três diferentes grupos. O grupo A foi composto por 12 indivíduos amputados que utilizavam prótese transfemural. O grupo B foi formado por 9 indivíduos amputados transtibiais. O grupo controle C continha 12 indivíduos não amputados. Cada indivíduo foi filmado nos planos frontal e sagital, avaliado quadro a quadro para a seleção de momentos de maiores oscilações. As imagens selecionadas foram quantificadas através da Biofotogrametria Computadorizada, utilizando-se o programa ALCimage 2.1®. Resultados: Os resultados mostraram diferenças significativas entre as oscilações anteriores para o grupo A (transfemural) e entre as oscilações para o lado esquerdo, no grupo B. Conclusão: A partir destes resultados, conclui-se que amputados de membros inferiores apresentam uma tendência de oscilação mais significante em direção anterior e para o lado contra-lateral à prótese. Com o avanço da idade, nota-se uma menor tendência à oscilação posterior.

Background: To accomplish day-to-day functional activities, it is fundamentally important to maintain static balance, thereby enabling appropriate postures, movements and responses. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate oscillations in static balance among amputees with lower limb prostheses, by means of an adapted Romberg test, and to compare such oscillations with those among individuals without amputations. Method: Thirty-three male individuals of mean age 33.38 years were evaluated, in three different groups. Group A was composed of 12 amputees who were utilizing a transfemoral prosthesis. Group B was formed by 9 individuals with a transtibial amputation. Group C (control) contained 12 normal individuals. All subjects were filmed in the frontal and sagittal planes, and their movements were evaluated frame by frame to select the moments of greatest oscillation. The images selected were quantified by means of computerized biophotogrammetry using the program ALCimage 2.1®. Results: The results showed significant differences among the anterior oscillations for the group A and among the left-side oscillations for group B. Conclusion: From these results, it was concluded that lower-limb amputees present a tendency towards more significant oscillations in the anterior direction and contralaterally to the prosthesis. With advancing age, a lesser tendency towards posterior oscillation was noted.

Resumen. La oferta en el mercado chileno de vegetales trozados, es cada día mayor. Estos productos presentan una serie de ventajas, como por ejemplo el ahorro de tiempo en su preparación a nivel doméstico.Se determinó la calidad microbiológica de algunos de estos productos, apio y repollo trozados, expendidos en dos formas diferentes: el producto trozado, envasado en forma tradicional y un producto también trozado y envasado listo para el consumo (minimamente procesado), el cual no necesitaría lavado y desinfección previa a su consumo. Se controlaron parámetros microbiológicos tales como recuento de aerobios mesófilos, de enterobacterias, número más probable de coliformes totales y coliformes fecales, investigación de Escherichia coli y determinación de Salmonella. Paralelamente se determinó el efecto del lavado y del lavado y desinfección, sobre la microflora presente. Se empleó un desinfectante de uso doméstico adquirido en el mercado. En ambos vegetales de los dos tipos, se observó una elevada contaminación en los recuentos de aerobios mesófilos, de enterobacterias y en el número más probable de coliformes. Se detectó coliformes fecales sólo en las muestras de ambos vegetales de tipo tradicional, identificando en cada caso la presencia de E. coli. En ninguna de las muestras se detectó presencia de Salmonella. Los efectos del lavado y del lavado más desinfección no lograron reducir en promedio en más de 2 ciclos logarítmicos la microflora presente en los vegetales.

SUMMARY. Microbiological quality and effect of washing and disinfection of pre-cut chilean vegetables. Actually it is possible to find a great offer of pre-cut vegetables in the Chilean market. These products present certain advantages, such as saving time in their preparation at home.The microbiological quality of some of these vegetables, pre-cut celery and pre-cut cabbage was assayed. Two different types of the products were studied. The traditional pre-cut vegetable and another one, which is also pre-cut but it is labeled as "ready-to-eat" (minimally processed). The last one could be consumed without previous washing or disinfecting. The assayed microbiological parameters were: total plate count, Enterobacteriaceae count, total coliforms and fecal coliforms most probable number, investigation of Escherichia coli and absence or presence of Salmonella. The effect of washing and washing and disinfecting on the natural microflora was also carried out. A disinfectant product for home use was obtained from the market. When comparing the obtained results for the two vegetables from both types, a high level of total plate count, Enterobacteriaceae count and total coliforms most probable number was observed. Fecal coliforms were detected only in samples of the traditional type in both vegetables. In each case E. coli was identified. No samples showed presence of Salmonella. Washing and washing and disinfecting effect was low. The maximum reduction of the present microflora of both vegetables was only up to 2 logarithm cycles

Cervical lymph nodes biopsies from 31 HIV positive patients (with or without AIDS) were studied by histologic methods and immunohistochemistry (StreptABC staining of paraffin sections) to identify cellular and extracellular matrix components. The results were the following: (1) the biopsies were included in the stages of follicular hyperplasia without fragmentation FH-FF (4 cases); follicular hyperplasia with follicular fragmentation FH+FF (16 cases); follicular involution FI (6 cases) and diffuse pattern DP (5 cases); (2) the most important alteration was the germinal centers disruption due to follicle lysis, which began in the light zone; (3) there was coincidence between intrafollicular hemorrhages and segmental hyaline mycroangiopathy; (4) during the progression of the disease occurred: (a) an increase in the number of mast cells, CD68+ and Mac387+ macrophages; (b) a diffuse augment of collagen III, elastic fibers, laminin, fibronectin and proteoglycans; (c) maintenance of Factor VIII - related antigens in the vascular endothelial cells, with decrease in the expression of Ulex-Europeus I lectin. Follicular hyperplasia (FH-FF or FH+FF) was the most common histologic pattern recognized in the lymph nodes of patients without AIDS and follicular involution and difuse pattern were seen in those who had AIDS. The results indicate that the lymph node biopsies may provide important information about the evolutive stage of the disease and its prognosis.